Get your patient on Isovue 300- Iopamidol injection, Solution (Iopamidol)

ISOVUE is indicated for:

• Cerebral arteriography in adults
• Peripheral arteriography in adults
• Selective visceral arteriography and aortography in adults
• Coronary arteriography and cardiac ventriculography in adults
• Angiocardiography in pediatric patients

ISOVUE is indicated for:

• Excretory urography in adults and pediatric patients
• Computerized tomography (CT) of the head and body in adults and pediatric patients
• Peripheral venography in adults

ISOVUE is indicated for:

• CT of the abdomen and pelvis to delineate the gastrointestinal tract in adults and pediatric patients

^† Specific concentrations of ISOVUE are recommended for each type of imaging procedure [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 )].

• ISOVUE is for intra-arterial, intravenous, or oral use only. Do not administer intrathecally [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 )] .
• Specific concentrations of ISOVUE are recommended for each type of imaging procedure [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 )].
• Individualize the volume, concentration, and rate of administration of ISOVUE according to the specific dosing tables [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 )] . Consider factors such as: age, body weight, blood vessel size and blood flow rate, anticipated pathology and degree and extent of opacification required, structures or area to be examined, concomitant medical conditions, imaging equipment, and technique to be employed.
• Hydrate patients before and after ISOVUE administration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3 )] .
• Use aseptic technique for all handling and administration of ISOVUE for intra-arterial and intravenous procedures.
• ISOVUE may be administered at either body temperature (37°C, 98.6°F) or room temperature (20°C to 25°C, 68°F to 77°F).
• Visually inspect ISOVUE for particulate matter or discoloration before administration. Do not administer ISOVUE if particulate matter or discolorations are observed.
• Do not mix ISOVUE with other drugs or inject in intravenous lines containing other drugs or total nutritional admixtures.
• ISOVUE single-dose containers are intended for one procedure only. Discard any unused portion.

The recommended doses for intra-arterial procedures in adults are shown in Table 1.

The recommended doses for intravenous procedures in adults are shown in Table 2.

The recommended doses for intra-arterial and intravenous procedures in pediatric patients are shown in Table 3.

• The recommended concentration of diluted ISOVUE is either 6 mg iodine/mL or 9 mg iodine/mL administered orally as shown in Table 4.
• See Table 5 for dilution instructions of ISOVUE [see Dosage and Administration (2.6 )]

• Dilute ISOVUE to 6 mg iodine/mL or 9 mg iodine/mL in water or clear liquids such as apple juice according to Table 5.
• Use diluted ISOVUE immediately.
• Discard any unused portion after the procedure.

Risk Summary

Available data from published literature and postmarketing cases from decades of use with iopamidol during pregnancy have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Iopamidol crosses the placenta and reaches fetal tissues in small amounts ( see Data ). In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental outcomes were observed with intravenous administration of iopamidol to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 2.7 and 1.4 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose ( see Data ).

The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Data

Human Data

Literature reports show that intravenously administered iopamidol crosses the placenta and is visualized in the digestive tract of exposed infants after birth.

Animal Data

Iopamidol did not affect fetal development and did not induce teratogenic changes in the offspring in either rats or rabbits at the following dose levels tested: 600 mg, 1,500 mg, or 4,000 mg iodine/kg in rats, administered intravenously once a day during days 6 through 15 of pregnancy; 300 mg, 800 mg, or 2,000 mg iodine/kg in rabbits, administered intravenously once a day during days 6 through 18 of pregnancy.

Risk Summary

There are no data on the presence of iopamidol in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Iodinated contrast agents are present unchanged in human milk in very low amounts, with poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of a breastfed infant. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for ISOVUE and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from ISOVUE or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations

Interruption of breastfeeding after exposure to iodinated contrast agents is not necessary because the potential exposure of the breastfed infant to iodine is small. However, a lactating woman may consider interrupting breastfeeding and pumping and discarding breast milk for 10 hours (approximately 5 half- lives) after ISOVUE administration in order to minimize drug exposure to a breastfed infant.

The safety and effectiveness of ISOVUE have been established in pediatric patients for intra-arterial administration for angiocardiography and for intravenous administration for excretory urography and contrast computed tomography (head and body).

The safety and effectiveness of ISOVUE have been established in pediatric patients for oral administration for CT of the abdomen and pelvis to delineate the gastrointestinal tract. Use of ISOVUE for this indication is supported by evidence from an adequate and well-controlled clinical study in adults (n=152) and pediatric patients 3 to 16 years of age (n=66) who underwent CT of the abdomen and pelvis with oral administration of ISOVUE and from additional safety data from post-approval use of enteral iopamidol in adult and pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.2 )] and Clinical Studies (14 )] .

Pediatric patients at higher risk of experiencing adverse reactions during and after ISOVUE administration may include those having asthma, sensitivity to medication or allergens, cyanotic heart disease, congestive heart failure, or serum creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dL, or those less than 12 months of age.

Thyroid function tests indicative of thyroid dysfunction, characterized by hypothyroidism or transient thyroid suppression have been reported following iodinated contrast agent administration in pediatric patients, including term and preterm neonates; some patients were treated for hypothyroidism. After exposure to ISOVUE, individualize thyroid function monitoring in pediatric patients 0 years to 3 years of age based on underlying risk factors, especially in term and preterm neonates [see Warning and Precautions (5.8 ) and Adverse Reactions (6.2 )] .

The safety and effectiveness of ISOVUE for cerebral, peripheral, and selective visceral arteriography, aortography, coronary arteriography, cardiac ventriculography, and peripheral venography have not been established in pediatric patients.

Iopamidol is excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to ISOVUE may be greater in patients with renal impairment. Because patients 65 years of age and older are more likely to have renal impairment, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3 ) and Use in Specific Populations [8.6 ]) .

The clearance of iopamidol decreases with increasing degree of renal impairment and results in delayed opacification of the urinary system. In addition, preexisting renal impairment increases the risk for acute kidney injury [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3 )] . Iopamidol can be removed by dialysis.

Intrathecal administration of ISOVUE, even if inadvertent, can cause death, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma, paralysis, arachnoiditis, acute renal failure, cardiac arrest, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, and brain edema. ISOVUE is for intra-arterial, intravenous, or oral use only [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 )].

ISOVUE can cause life-threatening or fatal hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. Manifestations include respiratory arrest, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, angioedema, and shock [see Adverse Reactions (6.2 )] . Most severe reactions develop shortly after the start of administration (e.g., within 1 to 3 minutes), but delayed reactions can also occur. There is increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions in patients with a history of previous reactions to contrast agents, and allergic disorders (i.e., bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies) or other hypersensitivities.

Premedication with antihistamines or corticosteroids to avoid or minimize possible allergic reactions does not prevent serious life-threatening reactions but may reduce both their incidence and severity. Obtain a history of allergy, hypersensitivity, or hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast agents and always have emergency resuscitation equipment and trained personnel available prior to ISOVUE administration. Monitor all patients for hypersensitivity reactions.

Acute kidney injury, including renal failure, may occur after intavascular administration of ISOVUE. Risk factors include: pre-existing renal insufficiency, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, advanced vascular disease, elderly age, concomitant use of nephrotoxic or diuretic medications, multiple myeloma or other paraproteinemias, and repetitive or large doses of ISOVUE.

Use the lowest necessary dose of ISOVUE in patients with renal impairment. Adequately hydrate patients prior to and following ISOVUE administration. Do not use laxatives, diuretics, or preparatory dehydration prior to ISOVUE administration.

Intravascular administration of ISOVUE increases the circulatory osmotic load and may induce acute or delayed hemodynamic disturbances in patients with congestive heart failure, severely impaired renal function, combined renal and hepatic disease, and combined renal and cardiac disease, particularly when repetitive or large doses are administered. Fatal cardiovascular reactions have occurred mostly within 10 minutes of ISOVUE injection; the main feature was cardiac arrest with cardiovascular disease as the main underlying factor. Hypotensive collapse and shock have occurred. Cardiac decompensation, serious arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia or infarction can occur during coronary arteriography and ventriculography.

The administration of ISOVUE may cause pulmonary edema in patients with heart failure. Based upon published reports, deaths associated with the administration of iodinated contrast agents range from 6.6 per 1 million (0.00066 percent) to 1 in 10,000 patients (0.01 percent). Use the lowest necessary dose of ISOVUE in patients with congestive heart failure and always have emergency resuscitation equipment and trained personnel available. Monitor all patients for severe cardiovascular reactions.

Serious, in some cases fatal, thromboembolic events, including myocardial infarction and stroke, can occur during angiographic procedures. During these procedures, increased thrombosis and activation of the complement system occurs. Risk factors for developing thromboembolic events include: length of procedure, catheter and syringe material, underlying disease state, and concomitant medications.

To minimize thromboembolic events, use meticulous angiographic techniques and minimize the length of the procedure. Avoid blood remaining in contact with syringes containing iodinated contrast agents, which increases risk of clotting. Avoid angiocardiography in patients with homocystinuria because of the risk of inducing thrombosis and embolism.

Extravasation can occur with intravascular ISOVUE administration, particularly in patients with severe arterial or venous disease. Inflammation, blistering, skin necrosis, and compartment syndrome have been reported following extravasation. In addition, injection site reactions such as pain and swelling at the injection site can also occur [see Adverse Reactions (6.2 )] . Ensure intravascular placement of catheters prior to injection. Monitor patients for extravasation and advise patients to seek medical care for progression of symptoms.

Thyroid storm has occurred after the intravascular use of iodinated contrast agents in patients with hyperthyroidism or with an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule. Evaluate the risk in such patients before use of ISOVUE.

Thyroid dysfunction characterized by hypothyroidism or transient thyroid suppression has been reported after both single exposure and multiple exposures to iodinated contrast agents in pediatric patients 0 years to 3 years of age.

Younger age, very low birth weight, prematurity, underlying medical conditions affecting thyroid function, admission to neonatal or pediatric intensive care units, and congenital cardiac conditions are associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism after iodinated contrast agent exposure. Pediatric patients with congenital cardiac conditions may be at greatest risk given that they often require high doses of contrast during invasive cardiac procedures.

An underactive thyroid during early life may be harmful for cognitive and neurological development and may require thyroid hormone replacement therapy. After exposure to ISOVUE, individualize thyroid function monitoring based on underlying risk factors, especially in term and preterm neonates.

Hypertensive crisis in patients with pheochromocytoma has occurred with iodinated contrast agents. Closely monitor patients when administering ISOVUE intravascularly if pheochromocytoma or catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas are suspected. Inject the minimum amount of ISOVUE necessary and have measures for treatment of hypertensive crisis readily available.

ISOVUE administered intravascularly can promote sickling in individuals who are homozygous for sickle cell disease. Hydrate patients prior to and following ISOVUE administration and use only if the necessary imaging information cannot be obtained with alternative imaging modalities.

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) may develop from 1 hour to several weeks after intravascular ISOVUE administration. These reactions include Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Reaction severity may increase and time to onset may decrease with repeat administration of a contrast agent; prophylactic medications may not prevent or mitigate severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Avoid administering ISOVUE to patients with a history of a severe cutaneous adverse reaction to ISOVUE.

ISOVUE can interfere with protein-bound iodine test [see Drug Interactions (7.2 )] .

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse Reactions from Intra-arterial or Intravenous Use in Adults

The safety of ISOVUE was evaluated in 2,246 adult patients receiving ISOVUE by intra-arterial or intravenous route in clinical studies. Table 6 shows the common adverse reactions (>1%).

The following adverse reactions occurred in ≤ 1% of patients receiving intra-arterial or intravenous injection of ISOVUE:

Cardiovascular disorders: tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, circulatory collapse, S-T segment depression, bigeminy, extrasystoles, ventricular fibrillation, angina pectoris, bradycardia, transient ischemic attack, thrombophlebitis

Gastrointestinal disorders: vomiting, anorexia

General disorders: headache, fever, chills, excessive sweating, back spasm

Nervous system disorders: vasovagal reaction, tingling in arms, grimace, faintness

Renal and urinary disorders: urinary retention

Respiratory: throat constriction, dyspnea, pulmonary edema

Skin and subcutaneous tissues: rash, urticaria, pruritus, flushing

Special senses: taste alterations, nasal congestion, visual disturbances

Adverse Reactions from Intra-arterial Use in Pediatric Patients

In a clinical trial with 76 pediatric patients undergoing angiocardiography, two adverse reactions (2.6%) were reported: worsening cyanosis and worsening peripheral perfusion.

Adverse Reactions from Oral Use in Adult and Pediatric Patients

There were no new adverse reactions from oral use of ISOVUE in adult and pediatric patients [see Clinical Studies (14 )].

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of ISOVUE or other iopamidol-containing products by intra-arterial, intravenous, or oral administration. Because the reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders: thrombocytopenia

Cardiovascular disorders: cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiac decompensation, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, shock, electrocardiographic changes (e.g., increased QTc, increased R-R, increased T-wave amplitude), decreased systolic pressure, deep vein thrombosis, arterial spasms, vasodilation, chest pain, pallor

Endocrine disorders: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism

Eye disorders: lacrimation increased, conjunctivitis, eye pruritus, transient blindness, visual disturbance, photophobia, eyelid edema

Gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, retching, esophageal pain, abdominal pain, salivary hypersecretion, salivary gland enlargement, oral paresthesia, lip swelling

General disorders and administration site conditions: injection site pain, malaise

Immune system disorders: anaphylaxis characterized by cardiovascular, respiratory, and cutaneous manifestations (e.g., chest tightness, laryngeal edema, periorbital edema, facial edema); delayed hypersensitivity reactions including generalized maculopapular rash, erythema, pruritus, localized blistering, skin peeling

Musculoskeletal disorders: compartment syndrome following extravasation, muscle spasm, musculoskeletal pain, muscular weakness

Nervous system disorders: coma, seizure, tremors, syncope, depressed level of consciousness or loss of consciousness, encephalopathy

Psychiatric disorders: confusional state

Respiratory system disorders: respiratory arrest, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory distress, apnea, asthma, sneezing, choking, laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, rhinitis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders : Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), erythema multiforme and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), skin necrosis, urticaria, face edema

The iodine atoms in iopamidol provide attenuation of X-rays in direct proportion to the concentration of iopamidol. Since concentration changes over time, iopamidol provides time-dependent image contrast, which may assist in visualizing body structures.

In imaging of the body, iopamidol diffuses from the vessels into the extravascular space. In normal brain with an intact blood-brain barrier, iopamidol does not diffuse into the extravascular space. In patients with a disrupted blood-brain barrier, iopamidol accumulates in the extravascular space in the region of disruption.

Following administration of ISOVUE, the degree of enhancement is related to the iodine concentration in the tissue of interest. However, the exposure-response relationships and time course of pharmacodynamic response of iopamidol have not been fully characterized.

Absorption

Following oral administration, iopamidol is minimally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Less than 1% of the administered dose is recovered in urine within 12 hours post-dose.

Distribution

After intravascular administration, plasma concentrations of iodine fall within 5 to 10 minutes due to distribution into the vascular and extracellular fluid compartments. Equilibration with the extracellular compartments is reached in about 10 minutes.

The apparent volume of distribution suggests that iopamidol is distributed evenly between blood and extracellular fluid. Iopamidol may be visualized in the renal parenchyma within 30 to 60 seconds following rapid intravenous administration. Iopamidol did not bind to serum or plasma proteins at 1 hour after administration.

Elimination

The plasma half-life is approximately 2 hours after intravascular administration; the half-life is not dose dependent.

Metabolism

Iopamidol does not undergo significant metabolism, deiodination, or biotransformation.

Excretion

After intravascular administration, iopamidol is excreted primarily through the kidneys. In patients with normal renal function, the cumulative urinary excretion for iopamidol, expressed as a percentage of administered intravenous dose, is approximately 35% to 40% at 60 minutes, 80% to 90% at 8 hours, and 90% or greater in the 72- to 96-hour period after administration. In patients with normal renal function, approximately 1% or less of the administered dose appears in cumulative 72- to 96-hour fecal samples.

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed with iopamidol to evaluate carcinogenic potential. No evidence of genetic toxicity was obtained in in vitro tests. In animal reproduction studies performed on rats, intravenously administered iopamidol did not induce adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance.

Metformin

In patients with renal impairment, metformin can cause lactic acidosis. Iodinated contrast agents appear to increase the risk of metformin-induced lactic acidosis, possibly as a result of worsening renal function. Stop metformin at the time of, or prior to, ISOVUE administration in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m ² ; in patients with a history of hepatic impairment, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast agents. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure and reinstitute metformin use only after renal function is stable.

Radioactive Iodine

Administration of ISOVUE may interfere with thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine (I-131 and I-123) and decrease therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy. Avoid thyroid therapy or testing for up to 6 weeks post ISOVUE.

Protein-Bound Iodine Test

Iodinated contrast agents, including ISOVUE, will temporarily increase protein-bound iodine in blood. Avoid protein-bound iodine test for at least 16 days following administration of ISOVUE. However, thyroid function tests that do not depend on iodine estimations, e.g., triiodothyronine (T ₃ ) resin uptake and total or free thyroxine (T ₄ ) assays, are not affected.