Get your patient on Everolimus - Everolimus tablet (Everolimus)

Everolimus is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced RCC after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib.

Everolimus is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with renal angiomyolipoma and TSC, not requiring immediate surgery.

• Modify the dosage for patients with hepatic impairment or for patients taking drugs that inhibit or induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 [see Dosage and Administration (2.11 , 2.12 )] .

The recommended dosage of Everolimus is 10 mg orally once daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

The recommended dosage of Everolimus is 10 mg orally once daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Table 2 summarizes recommendations for dosage modifications of Everolimus for the management of adverse reactions.

Table 2: Recommended Dosage Modifications for Everolimus for Adverse Reactions

The recommended dosages of Everolimus for patients with hepatic impairment are described in Table 3 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6 )] :

Table 3: Recommended Dosage Modifications for Patients with Hepatic Impairment

Abbreviations: RCC, Renal Cell Carcinoma; TSC, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

• Avoid the concomitant use of P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors [see Drug Interactions (7.1 )] .
• Avoid ingesting grapefruit and grapefruit juice.
• Reduce the dose for patients taking Everolimus with a P-gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor as recommended in Table 4 [see Drug Interactions (7.1 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .

Table 4: Recommended Dosage Modifications for Concurrent Use of Everolimus with a P-gp and Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitor

• Avoid concomitant use of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).
• Increase the dose for patients taking Everolimus with a P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inducer as recommended in Table 5 [see Drug Interactions (7.1 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .

Table 5: Recommended Dosage Modifications for Concurrent Use of Everolimus with P-gp and Strong CYP3A4 Inducers

• Administer Everolimus at the same time each day.
• Administer Everolimus consistently either with or without food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .
• If a dose of Everolimus is missed, it can be administered up to 6 hours after the time it is normally administered. After more than 6 hours, the dose should be skipped for that day. The next day, Everolimus should be administered at its usual time. Double doses should not be administered to make up for the dose that was missed.
• Everolimus should be swallowed whole with a glass of water. Do not break or crush tablets.

Risk Summary

Based on animal studies and the mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1 )] , Everolimus can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are limited case reports of Everolimus use in pregnant women; however, these reports are not sufficient to inform about risks of birth defects or miscarriage. In animal studies, everolimus caused embryo-fetal toxicities in rats when administered during the period of organogenesis at maternal exposures that were lower than human exposures at the recommended dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily [see Data]. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus.

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies, respectively.

Data

Animal Data: In animal reproductive studies, oral administration of everolimus to female rats before mating and through organogenesis induced embryo-fetal toxicities, including increased resorption, pre-implantation and post-implantation loss, decreased numbers of live fetuses, malformation (e.g., sternal cleft), and retarded skeletal development. These effects occurred in the absence of maternal toxicities. Embryo-fetal toxicities in rats occurred at doses ≥0.1 mg/kg (0.6 mg/m ² ) with resulting exposures of approximately 4% of the human exposure at the recommended dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily based on area under the curve (AUC). In rabbits, embryo-toxicity evident as an increase in resorptions occurred at an oral dose of 0.8 mg/kg (9.6 mg/m ² ). The effect in rabbits occurred in the presence of maternal toxicities.

In a pre- and post-natal development study in rats, animals were dosed from implantation through lactation. At the dose of ≥0.1 mg/kg (0.6 mg/m ² ), there were no adverse effects on delivery and lactation or signs of maternal toxicity; however, there were reductions in body weight (up to 9% reduction from the control) and in survival of offspring (~5% died or missing). There were no drug-related effects on the developmental parameters (morphological development, motor activity, learning, or fertility assessment) in the offspring.

Risk Summary

There are no data on the presence of everolimus or its metabolites in human milk, the effects of everolimus on the breastfed infant or on milk production. Everolimus and its metabolites passed into the milk of lactating rats at a concentration 3.5 times higher than in maternal serum. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants from everolimus, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with Everolimus and for 2 weeks after the last dose.

Pregnancy Testing

Verify the pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to starting Everolimus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 )] .

Contraception

Everolimus can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 )] .

Females: Advise female patients of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Everolimus and for 8 weeks after the last dose.

Males: Advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Everolimus and for 4 weeks after the last dose.

Infertility

Females: Menstrual irregularities, secondary amenorrhea, and increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) occurred in female patients taking Everolimus. Based on these findings, Everolimus may impair fertility in female patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 ) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1 )] .

Males: Cases of reversible azoospermia have been reported in male patients taking Everolimus. In male rats, sperm motility, sperm count, plasma testosterone levels and fertility were diminished at AUC similar to those of the clinical dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily. Based on these findings, Everolimus may impair fertility in male patients [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1 )] .

The safety and effectiveness of Everolimus in pediatric patients have not been established in:

• Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
• TSC-associated renal angiomyolipoma

In RECORD-1, 41% of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with Everolimus were ≥ 65 years of age, while 7% were ≥ 75 years of age. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly and younger patients.

Everolimus exposure may increase in patients with hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .

For patients with RCC and TSC-associated renal angiomyolipoma who have hepatic impairment, reduce the Everolimus dose as recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.10 )] .

Non-infectious pneumonitis is a class effect of rapamycin derivatives. Non-infectious pneumonitis was reported in up to 19% of patients treated with Everolimus in clinical trials, some cases were reported with pulmonary hypertension (including pulmonary arterial hypertension) as a secondary event. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 non-infectious pneumonitis was up to 4% and up to 0.2%, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . Fatal outcomes have been observed.

Consider a diagnosis of non-infectious pneumonitis in patients presenting with non-specific respiratory signs and symptoms. Consider opportunistic infections such as pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in the differential diagnosis. Advise patients to report promptly any new or worsening respiratory symptoms.

Continue Everolimus without dose alteration in patients who develop radiological changes suggestive of non-infectious pneumonitis and have few or no symptoms. Imaging appears to overestimate the incidence of clinical pneumonitis.

For Grade 2 to 4 non-infectious pneumonitis, withhold or permanently discontinue Everolimus based on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.9 )] . Corticosteroids may be indicated until clinical symptoms resolve. Administer prophylaxis for PJP when concomitant use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents are required. The development of pneumonitis has been reported even at a reduced dose.

Everolimus has immunosuppressive properties and may predispose patients to bacterial, fungal, viral, or protozoal infections, including infections with opportunistic pathogens [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . Localized and systemic infections, including pneumonia, mycobacterial infections, other bacterial infections, invasive fungal infections (e.g., aspergillosis, candidiasis, or PJP), and viral infections (e.g., reactivation of hepatitis B virus) have occurred. Some of these infections have been severe (e.g., sepsis, septic shock, or resulting in multisystem organ failure) or fatal. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 infections was up to 10% and up to 3%, respectively.

Complete treatment of preexisting invasive fungal infections prior to starting treatment. Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection. Withhold or permanently discontinue Everolimus based on severity of infection [see Dosage and Administration (2.9 )] .

Administer prophylaxis for PJP when concomitant use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents are required.

Hypersensitivity reactions to Everolimus have been observed and include anaphylaxis, dyspnea, flushing, chest pain, and angioedema (e.g., swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment) [see Contraindications (4 )] . The incidence of Grade 3 hypersensitivity reactions was up to 1%. Permanently discontinue Everolimus for the development of clinically significant hypersensitivity.

Patients taking concomitant ACE inhibitors with Everolimus may be at increased risk for angioedema (e.g., swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment). In a pooled analysis of randomized double-blind oncology clinical trials, the incidence of angioedema in patients taking Everolimus with an ACE inhibitor was 6.8% compared to 1.3% in the control arm with an ACE inhibitor. Permanently discontinue Everolimus for angioedema.

Stomatitis, including mouth ulcers and oral mucositis, has occurred in patients treated with Everolimus at an incidence ranging from 44% to 78% across clinical trials. Grades 3-4 stomatitis was reported in 4% to 9% of patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . Stomatitis most often occurs within the first 8 weeks of treatment. When starting Everolimus, initiating dexamethasone alcohol-free oral solution as a swish and spit mouthwash reduces the incidence and severity of stomatitis [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . If stomatitis does occur, mouthwashes and/or other topical treatments are recommended. Avoid alcohol-, hydrogen peroxide-, iodine-, or thyme- containing products, as they may exacerbate the condition. Do not administer antifungal agents, unless fungal infection has been diagnosed.

Cases of renal failure (including acute renal failure), some with a fatal outcome, have occurred in patients taking Everolimus. Elevations of serum creatinine and proteinuria have been reported in patients taking Everolimus [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 elevations of serum creatinine was up to 2% and up to 1%, respectively. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 proteinuria was up to 1% and up to 0.5%, respectively. Monitor renal function prior to starting Everolimus and annually thereafter. Monitor renal function at least every 6 months in patients who have additional risk factors for renal failure.

Impaired wound healing can occur in patients who receive drugs that inhibit the VEGF signaling pathway. Therefore, Everolimus has the potential to adversely affect wound healing.

Withhold Everolimus for at least 1 week prior to elective surgery. Do not administer for at least 2 weeks following major surgery and until adequate wound healing. The safety of resumption of treatment upon resolution of wound healing complications has not been established.

Hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia have been reported in patients taking Everolimus at an incidence up to 75%, 86%, and 73%, respectively. The incidence of these Grade 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities was up to 15% and up to 0.4%, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . In non-diabetic patients, monitor fasting serum glucose prior to starting Everolimus and annually thereafter. In diabetic patients, monitor fasting serum glucose more frequently as clinically indicated. Monitor lipid profile prior to starting Everolimus and annually thereafter. When possible, achieve optimal glucose and lipid control prior to starting Everolimus. For Grade 3 to 4 metabolic events, withhold or permanently discontinue Everolimus based on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.9 )] .

Anemia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia have been reported in patients taking Everolimus. The incidence of these Grade 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities was up to 16% and up to 2%, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 )] . Monitor complete blood count (CBC) prior to starting Everolimus every 6 months for the first year of treatment and annually thereafter. Withhold or permanently discontinue Everolimus based on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.9 )] .

The safety of immunization with live vaccines during Everolimus therapy has not been studied. Due to the potential increased risk of infection, avoid the use of live vaccines and close contact with individuals who have received live vaccines during treatment with Everolimus. Due to the potential increased risk of infection or reduced immune response with vaccination, complete the recommended childhood series of vaccinations according to American Council on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines prior to the start of therapy. An accelerated vaccination schedule may be appropriate.

Radiation sensitization and recall, in some cases severe, involving cutaneous and visceral organs (including radiation esophagitis and pneumonitis) have been reported in patients treated with radiation prior to, during, or subsequent to everolimus treatment [see Adverse Reactions (6.2 )].

Monitor patients closely when everolimus is administered during or sequentially with radiation treatment.

Based on animal studies and the mechanism of action, Everolimus can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. In animal studies, everolimus caused embryo-fetal toxicities in rats when administered during the period of organogenesis at maternal exposures that were lower than human exposures at the clinical dose of 10 mg once daily. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise female patients of reproductive potential to avoid becoming pregnant and to use effective contraception during treatment with Everolimus and for 8 weeks after the last dose. Advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Everolimus and for 4 weeks after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 , 8.3 )] .

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed cannot be directly compared to rates in other trials and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

The data described below reflect exposure to Everolimus (n=274) and placebo (n=137) in a randomized, controlled trial (RECORD-1) in patients with metastatic RCC who received prior treatment with sunitinib and/or sorafenib. The median age of patients was 61 years (27 to 85 years), 88% were white, and 78% were male. The median duration of blinded study treatment was 141 days (19 to 451 days) for patients receiving Everolimus.

The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥30%) were stomatitis, infections, asthenia, fatigue, cough, and diarrhea. The most common Grade 3 to 4 adverse reactions (incidence ≥3%) were infections, dyspnea, fatigue, stomatitis, dehydration, pneumonitis, abdominal pain, and asthenia. The most common laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥50%) were anemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, lymphopenia, and increased creatinine. The most common Grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥3%) were lymphopenia, hyperglycemia, anemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypercholesterolemia.

Deaths due to acute respiratory failure (0.7%), infection (0.7%), and acute renal failure (0.4%) were observed on the Everolimus arm. The rate of adverse reactions resulting in permanent discontinuation was 14% for the Everolimus group. The most common adverse reactions leading to treatment discontinuation were pneumonitis and dyspnea. Infections, stomatitis, and pneumonitis were the most common reasons for treatment delay or dose reduction. The most common medical interventions required during Everolimus treatment were for infections, anemia, and stomatitis.

Adverse reactions reported with an incidence of ≥ 10% for patients receiving Everolimus vs. placebo are presented in Table 12. Laboratory abnormalities are presented in Table 13.

Table 12: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 10% of Patients with RCC and at a Higher Rate in the Everolimus Arm than in the Placebo Arm in RECORD-1

Other notable adverse reactions occurring more frequently with Everolimus than with placebo, but with an incidence of <10% include:

1. Gastrointestinal : Abdominal pain (9%), dry mouth (8%), hemorrhoids (5%), dysphagia (4%)
2. General : Weight loss (9%), chest pain (5%), chills (4%), impaired wound healing (<1%)
3. Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal : Pleural effusion (7%), pharyngolaryngeal pain (4%), rhinorrhea (3%)
4. Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue : Hand-foot syndrome (reported as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome) (5%), nail disorder (5%), erythema (4%), onychoclasis (4%), skin lesion (4%), acneiform dermatitis (3%), angioedema (<1%)
5. Metabolism and Nutrition : Exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus (2%), new onset of diabetes mellitus (<1%)
6. Psychiatric : Insomnia (9%)
7. Nervous System : Dizziness (7%), paresthesia (5%)
8. Ocular: Eyelid edema (4%), conjunctivitis (2%)
9. Vascular : Hypertension (4%), deep vein thrombosis (<1%)
10. Renal and Urinary : Renal failure (3%)
11. Cardiac : Tachycardia (3%), congestive cardiac failure (1%)
12. Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue : Jaw pain (3%)
13. Hematologic : Hemorrhage (3%)

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)-Associated Renal Angiomyolipoma

The data described below are based on a randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (EXIST-2) of Everolimus in 118 patients with renal angiomyolipoma as a feature of TSC (n = 113) or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (n = 5). The median age of patients was 31 years (18 to 61 years), 89% were white, and 34% were male. The median duration of blinded study treatment was 48 weeks (2 to 115 weeks) for patients receiving Everolimus.

The most common adverse reaction reported for Everolimus (incidence ≥ 30%) was stomatitis. The most common Grade 3 to 4 adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 2%) were stomatitis and amenorrhea. The most common laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥ 50%) were hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and anemia. The most common Grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormality (incidence ≥ 3%) was hypophosphatemia.

The rate of adverse reactions resulting in permanent discontinuation was 3.8% in the Everolimus-treated patients. Adverse reactions leading to permanent discontinuation in the Everolimus arm were hypersensitivity/angioedema/bronchospasm, convulsion, and hypophosphatemia. Dose adjustments (interruptions or reductions) due to adverse reactions occurred in 52% of Everolimus-treated patients. The most common adverse reaction leading to Everolimus dose adjustment was stomatitis.

Adverse reactions reported with an incidence of ≥ 10% for patients receiving Everolimus and occurring more frequently with Everolimus than with placebo are presented in Table 14. Laboratory abnormalities are presented in Table 15.

Table 14: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 10% of Everolimus-Treated Patients with TSC-Associated Renal Angiomyolipoma in EXIST-2

Amenorrhea occurred in 15% of Everolimus-treated females (8 of 52). Other adverse reactions involving the female reproductive system were menorrhagia (10%), menstrual irregularities (10%), and vaginal hemorrhage (8%).

The following additional adverse reactions occurred in less than 10% of Everolimus-treated patients: epistaxis (9%), decreased appetite (6%), otitis media (6%), depression (5%), abnormal taste (5%), increased blood luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (4%), increased blood follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (3%), hypersensitivity (3%), ovarian cyst (3%), pneumonitis (1%), and angioedema (1%).

Table 15: Selected Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in Everolimus-Treated Patients with TSC-Associated Renal Angiomyolipoma in EXIST-2

Updated safety information from 112 patients treated with Everolimus for a median duration of 3.9 years identified the following additional adverse reactions and selected laboratory abnormalities: increased partial thromboplastin time (63%), increased prothrombin time (40%), decreased fibrinogen (38%), urinary tract infection (31%), proteinuria (18%), abdominal pain (16%), pruritus (12%), gastroenteritis (12%), myalgia (11%), and pneumonia (10%).

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Everolimus. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure:

• Blood and lymphatic disorders: Thrombotic microangiopathy
• Cardiac: Cardiac failure with some cases reported with pulmonary hypertension (including pulmonary arterial hypertension) as a secondary event
• Gastrointestinal: Acute pancreatitis
• Hepatobiliary: Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
• Infections: Sepsis and septic shock
• Nervous System: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Vascular: Arterial thrombotic events, lymphedema
• Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: Radiation Sensitization and Radiation Recall

Inhibitors

Avoid the concomitant use of P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors [see Dosage and Administration (2.11 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .

Reduce the dose for patients taking Everolimus with a P-gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor as recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.11 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .

Inducers

Increase the dose for patients taking Everolimus with a P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inducer as recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.12 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3 )] .

Patients taking concomitant ACE inhibitors with Everolimus may be at increased risk for angioedema. Avoid the concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with Everolimus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4 )] .

Everolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine kinase, downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in several human cancers and in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Everolimus binds to an intracellular protein, FKBP-12, resulting in an inhibitory complex formation with mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and thus inhibition of mTOR kinase activity. Everolimus reduced the activity of S6 ribosomal protein kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), downstream effectors of mTOR, involved in protein synthesis. S6K1 is a substrate of mTORC1 and phosphorylates the activation domain 1 of the estrogen receptor which results in ligand-independent activation of the receptor. In addition, everolimus inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (e.g., HIF-1) and reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inhibition of mTOR by everolimus has been shown to reduce cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and glucose uptake in in vitro and/or in vivo studies.

Two regulators of mTORC1 signaling are the oncogene suppressors tuberin-sclerosis complexes 1 and 2 ( TSC1, TSC2 ). Loss or inactivation of either TSC1 or TSC2 leads to activation of downstream signaling. In TSC, a genetic disorder, inactivating mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene lead to hamartoma formation throughout the body as well as seizures and epileptogenesis. Overactivation of mTOR results in neuronal dysplasia, aberrant axonogenesis and dendrite formation, increased excitatory synaptic currents, reduced myelination, and disruption of the cortical laminar structure causing abnormalities in neuronal development and function.

Cardiac Electrophysiology

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 59 healthy subjects were administered a single oral dose of Everolimus (20 mg and 50 mg) and placebo. Everolimus at single doses up to 50 mg did not prolong the QT/QTc interval.

Absorption

After administration of Everolimus tablets in patients with advanced solid tumors, peak everolimus concentrations are reached 1 to 2 hours after administration of oral doses ranging from 5 mg to 70 mg. Following single doses, C _max is dose-proportional with daily dosing between 5 mg and 10 mg. With single doses of 20 mg and higher, the increase in C _max is less than dose-proportional; however, AUC shows dose-proportionality over the 5 mg to 70 mg dose range. Steady-state was achieved within 2 weeks following once-daily dosing.

Effect of Food : In healthy subjects, a high-fat meal (containing approximately 1000 calories and 55 grams of fat) reduced systemic exposure to Everolimus 10 mg (as measured by AUC) by 22% and the peak blood concentration C _max by 54%. Light-fat meals (containing approximately 500 calories and 20 grams of fat) reduced AUC by 32% and C _max by 42%.

Distribution

The blood-to-plasma ratio of everolimus, which is concentration-dependent over the range of 5 to 5000 ng/mL, is 17% to 73%. The amount of everolimus confined to the plasma is approximately 20% at blood concentrations observed in cancer patients given Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily. Plasma protein binding is approximately 74% both in healthy subjects and in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.

Elimination

The mean elimination half-life of everolimus is approximately 30 hours.

Metabolism : Everolimus is a substrate of CYP3A4. Following oral administration, everolimus is the main circulating component in human blood. Six main metabolites of everolimus have been detected in human blood, including three monohydroxylated metabolites, two hydrolytic ring-opened products, and a phosphatidylcholine conjugate of everolimus. These metabolites were also identified in animal species used in toxicity studies, and showed approximately 100-times less activity than everolimus itself.

Excretion : No specific elimination studies have been undertaken in cancer patients. Following the administration of a 3 mg single dose of radiolabeled everolimus in patients who were receiving cyclosporine, 80% of the radioactivity was recovered from the feces, while 5% was excreted in the urine. The parent substance was not detected in urine or feces.

Specific Populations

No relationship was apparent between oral clearance and age or sex in patients with cancer.

Patients with Renal Impairment : No significant influence of creatinine clearance (25 to 178 mL/min) was detected on oral clearance (CL/F) of everolimus.

Patients with Hepatic Impairment : Compared to normal subjects, there was a 1.8-fold, 3.2-fold, and 3.6-fold increase in AUC for subjects with mild (Child-Pugh class A), moderate (Child-Pugh class B), and severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment, respectively. In another study, the average AUC of everolimus in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B) was twice that found in subjects with normal hepatic function [see Dosage and Administration (2.10 ) , Use in Specific Populations (8.6 )] .

Race or Ethnicity : Based on a cross-study comparison, Japanese patients had on average exposures that were higher than non-Japanese patients receiving the same dose. Oral clearance (CL/F) is on average 20% higher in black patients than in white patients.

Drug Interaction Studies

Effect of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) Inhibitors on Everolimus: Everolimus exposure increased when Everolimus was coadministered with:

• ketoconazole (a P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) - C _max and AUC increased by 3.9- and 15-fold, respectively.
• erythromycin (a P-gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) - C _max and AUC increased by 2- and 4.4-fold, respectively.
• verapamil (a P-gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) - C _max and AUC increased by 2.3- and 3.5-fold, respectively.

Effect of CYP3A4 and P-gp Inducers on Everolimus : The coadministration of Everolimus with rifampin, a P-gp and strong inducer of CYP3A4, decreased everolimus AUC by 63% and Cmax by 58% compared to Everolimus alone [see Dosage and Administration (2.12 )] .

Effect of Everolimus on CYP3A4 Substrates : No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between Everolimus and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors atorvastatin (a CYP3A4 substrate), pravastatin (a non-CYP3A4 substrate), and simvastatin (a CYP3A4 substrate).

The coadministration of an oral dose of midazolam (sensitive CYP3A4 substrate) with Everolimus resulted in a 25% increase in midazolam C _max and a 30% increase in midazolam AUC _0-inf .

The coadministration of Everolimus with long acting octreotide increased octreotide C _min by approximately 50%.

Effect of Everolimus on Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs): Everolimus increased pre-dose concentrations of the carbamazepine, clobazam, oxcarbazepine, and clobazam’s metabolite N-desmethylclobazam by about 10%. Everolimus had no impact on pre-dose concentrations of AEDs that are substrates of CYP3A4 (e.g., clonazepam and zonisamide) or other AEDs, including valproic acid, topiramate, phenobarbital, and phenytoin.

Administration of everolimus for up to 2 years did not indicate oncogenic potential in mice and rats up to the highest doses tested (0.9 mg/kg) corresponding respectively to 3.9 and 0.2 times the estimated human exposure based on AUC at the recommended dose of Everolimus l0 mg orally once daily.

Everolimus was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro assays (Ames mutation test in Salmonella , mutation test in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, and chromosome aberration assay in V79 Chinese hamster cells). Everolimus was not genotoxic in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day (1500 mg/m ² /day, approximately 255-fold the recommended dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily, administered as 2 doses, 24 hours apart.

Based on non-clinical findings, Everolimus may impair male fertility. In a 13-week male fertility study in rats, testicular morphology was affected at doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above. Sperm motility, sperm count, and plasma testosterone levels were diminished in rats treated with 5 mg/kg. The exposures at these doses (52 ng•hr/mL and 414 ng•hr/mL, respectively) were within the range of human exposure at the recommended dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily (560 ng●hr/mL) and resulted in infertility in the rats at 5 mg/kg. Effects on male fertility occurred at AUC _0-24h values 10% to 81% lower than human exposure at the recommended dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily. After a 10 to 13 week non-treatment period, the fertility index increased from zero (infertility) to 60%.

Oral doses of everolimus in female rats at ≥0.1 mg/kg (approximately 4% the human exposure based on AUC at the recommended dose of Everolimus 10 mg orally once daily) resulted in increased incidence of pre-implantation loss, suggesting that the drug may reduce female fertility.

In juvenile rat toxicity studies, dose-related delayed attainment of developmental landmarks including delayed eye-opening, delayed reproductive development in males and females and increased latency time during the learning and memory phases were observed at doses as low as 0.15 mg/kg/day.

An international, multi-center, randomized, double-blind trial (RECORD-1, NCT00410124) comparing Everolimus 10 mg once daily and placebo, both in conjunction with BSC, was conducted in patients with metastatic RCC whose disease had progressed despite prior treatment with sunitinib, sorafenib, or both sequentially. Prior therapy with bevacizumab, interleukin 2, or interferon-α was also permitted. Randomization was stratified according to prognostic score and prior anticancer therapy. The major efficacy outcome measure for the trial was PFS evaluated by RECIST, based on a blinded, independent, central radiologic review. After documented radiological progression, patients randomized to placebo could receive open-label Everolimus. Other outcome measures included OS.

In total, 416 patients were randomized 2:1 to receive Everolimus (n=277) or placebo (n=139). Demographics were well balanced between the arms (median age 61 years; 77% male, 88% white, 74% received prior sunitinib or sorafenib, and 26% received both sequentially).

Everolimus was superior to placebo for PFS (Table 23 and Figure 4). The treatment effect was similar across prognostic scores and prior sorafenib and/or sunitinib. Final OS results yield a hazard ratio of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.14), with no statistically significant difference between the arms. Planned cross-over from placebo due to disease progression to open-label Everolimus occurred in 80% of the 139 patients and may have confounded the OS benefit.

A randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (EXIST-2, NCT00790400) of Everolimus was conducted in 118 patients with renal angiomyolipoma as a feature of TSC (n = 113) or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (n = 5). The key eligibility requirements for this trial were at least one angiomyolipoma of ≥ 3 cm in longest diameter on CT/MRI based on local radiology assessment, no immediate indication for surgery, and age ≥ 18 years. Patients received Everolimus 10 mg or matching placebo orally once daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. CT or MRI scans for disease assessment were obtained at baseline, 12, 24, and 48 weeks and annually thereafter. Clinical and photographic assessment of skin lesions were conducted at baseline and every 12 weeks thereafter until treatment discontinuation. The major efficacy outcome measure was angiomyolipoma response rate based on independent central radiology review, which was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in angiomyolipoma volume, absence of new angiomyolipoma lesion ≥ 1 cm, absence of kidney volume increase ≥ 20%, and no angiomyolipoma related bleeding of ≥ Grade 2. Key supportive efficacy outcome measures were time to angiomyolipoma progression and skin lesion response rate. The primary analyses of efficacy outcome measures were limited to the blinded treatment period and conducted 6 months after the last patient was randomized. The comparative angiomyolipoma response rate analysis was stratified by use of enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) at randomization (yes vs. no).

Of the 118 patients enrolled, 79 were randomized to Everolimus and 39 to placebo. The median age was 31 years (18 to 61 years), 34% were male, and 89% were white. At baseline, 17% of patients were receiving EIAEDs. On central radiology review at baseline, 92% of patients had at least 1 angiomyolipoma of ≥ 3 cm in longest diameter, 29% had angiomyolipomas ≥ 8 cm, 78% had bilateral angiomyolipomas, and 97% had skin lesions. The median values for the sum of all target renal angiomyolipoma lesions at baseline were 85 cm ³ (9 to 1612 cm ³ ) and 120 cm ³ (3 to 4520 cm ³ ) in the Everolimus and placebo arms, respectively. Forty-six (39%) patients had prior renal embolization or nephrectomy. The median duration of follow-up was 8.3 months (0.7 to 24.8 months) at the time of the primary analysis.

The renal angiomyolipoma response rate was statistically significantly higher in Everolimus-treated patients (Table 24). The median response duration was 5.3+ months (2.3+ to 19.6+ months).

There were 3 patients in the Everolimus arm and 8 patients in the placebo arm with documented angiomyolipoma progression by central radiologic review (defined as a ≥ 25% increase from nadir in the sum of angiomyolipoma target lesion volumes to a value greater than baseline, appearance of a new angiomyolipoma ≥ 1 cm in longest diameter, an increase in renal volume ≥ 20% from nadir for either kidney and to a value greater than baseline, or Grade ≥ 2 angiomyolipoma-related bleeding). The time to angiomyolipoma progression was statistically significantly longer in the Everolimus arm (HR 0.08 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.37]; p < 0.0001).

Table 24: Angiomyolipoma Response Rate in TSC-Associated Renal Angiomyolipoma in EXIST-2

Skin lesion response rates were assessed by local investigators for 77 patients in the Everolimus arm and 37 patients in the placebo arm who presented with skin lesions at study entry. The skin lesion response rate was statistically significantly higher in the Everolimus arm (26% vs. 0, p = 0.0011); all skin lesion responses were partial responses, defined as visual improvement in 50% to 99% of all skin lesions durable for at least 8 weeks (Physician's Global Assessment of Clinical Condition).

Patients randomized to placebo were permitted to receive Everolimus at the time of angiomyolipoma progression or after the time of the primary analysis. After the primary analysis, patients treated with Everolimus underwent additional follow-up CT or MRI scans to assess tumor status until discontinuation of treatment or completion of 4 years of follow-up after the last patient was randomized. A total of 112 patients (79 randomized to Everolimus and 33 randomized to placebo) received at least one dose of Everolimus. The median duration of Everolimus treatment was 3.9 years (0.5 months to 5.3 years) and the median duration of follow-up was 3.9 years (0.9 months to 5.4 years). During the follow-up period after the primary analysis, 32 patients (in addition to the 33 patients identified at the time of the primary analysis) had an angiomyolipoma response based upon independent central radiology review. Among the 65 responders out of 112 patients, the median time to angiomyolipoma response was 2.9 months (2.6 to 33.8 months). Fourteen percent of the 112 patients treated with Everolimus had angiomyolipoma progression by the end of the follow-up period. No patient underwent a nephrectomy for angiomyolipoma progression and one patient underwent renal embolization while treated with Everolimus.